تعليمات امتحان الحصول على عضوية النقابة 2025
Membership Exam for the Palestinian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists (PAMRT)
GUIDELINE FOR EXAMINATION CONTENT
Examining Model
What is the PAMRT Examination?
Is an assessment to ensure that individuals who wish to work in the field of medical radiation technology have the necessary knowledge, skills, readiness, and competencies of a Radiologic Technology Specialist to practice safely and effectively, as well as proceed to advanced or postgraduate studies. Passing the exam demonstrates that the candidate has met the minimum standards set by the association for entry-level practice in the medical imaging field.
How is the passing score on the PAMRT exam established?
In June 2024, the Academic Advisory Board of the PAMRT approved a passing score of 60%.
|
Subject |
Weight (%) |
No. of Questions |
Time (min.) |
|
Radiological Physics |
5 |
3 |
|
|
Radiation Safety & Patient care |
10 |
5 |
|
|
Radiographic Positioning |
20 |
10 |
|
|
Radiographic Anatomy & Pathology |
10 |
5 |
|
|
Dynamic x-ray |
5 |
2 |
|
|
Computed Tomography (CT) |
15 |
7 |
|
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
10 |
4 |
|
|
Ultrasonography (US) |
3 |
2 |
|
|
Digital imaging & PACS |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Dental imaging |
6 |
3 |
|
|
Mammography |
3 |
2 |
|
|
Densitometry |
3 |
2 |
|
|
Nuclear Medicine (NM) |
5 |
2 |
|
|
Radiotherapy |
3 |
2 |
|
|
TOTAL |
100 |
50 |
120 |
When is the PAMRT membership examination held?
The PAMRT Membership Examination is held in January, May, and September in the second part of each month.
What is a test blueprint, and what is its purpose?
A test blueprint is a written document that outlines the topics included in the membership PMRT examination for radiologic technologists. The exam is "built" according to the blueprint. The blueprint's goal is to make sure that the questions are relevant to what a radiologic technologist should know.
The exam is divided into sections, each of which represents a key area of radiologic technology practice. Related competencies and sub-competences are grouped together inside each component.
The sections' contents are displayed below:
Section 1: Patient Care
|
Subject |
|
Topic |
Recommended Reference |
||
|
1 |
Patient Care |
è |
1.1 |
Infection Control Concepts |
Patient care in radiography with introduction to medical imaging |
|
1.2 |
Emergency Response |
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1.3 |
Dealing with Acute Situations |
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1.4 |
Bedside Radiography: Special Conditions and Environments |
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Section 2: Radiobiology & Radiation Protection
|
Subject |
|
Topic |
Recommended Reference |
||
|
2 |
Radiobiology and Radiation Protection |
è |
2.1 |
Human Biology |
Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection |
|
2.2 |
Fundamental Principles of Radiobiology |
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2.3 |
Molecular Radiobiology |
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2.4 |
Cellular Radiobiology |
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2.5 |
Deterministic Effects of Radiation |
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2.6 |
Stochastic Effects of Radiation |
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2.7 |
Health Physics |
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2.8 |
Designing for Radiation Protection |
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2.9 |
Radiography/ Fluoroscopy Patient Radiation Dose |
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|
2.10 |
Patient Radiation Dose Management |
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|
2.11 |
Occupational Radiation Dose Management |
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Section 3: Imaging Systems
|
Subject |
|
Topic |
Recommended Reference |
|||
|
3 |
General Radiography |
è |
3.1 |
Introduction to Radiography |
Patient care in radiography with introduction to medical imaging |
|
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3.2 |
X-ray tube and X-ray production |
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|
Essentials of radiologic science |
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|
3.3 |
X-ray interaction with matter |
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|
3.4 |
Image Formation and Quality Factors |
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|
3.5 |
Computed Radiography |
Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection |
||||
|
3.6 |
Digital Radiography |
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3.7 |
Digital Radiographic Artifacts |
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3.8 |
Digital Radiographic Quality Control |
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4 |
Fluoroscopy (Including pathological indications and contraindications for each procedure) |
è |
4.1 |
Contrast Media |
Bontrager’s textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy |
|
|
4.2 |
Urinary System |
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|
4.3 |
Upper Gastrointestinal System |
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|
4.4 |
Lower Gastrointestinal System |
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|
4.5 |
ERCP |
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|
4.6 |
Hysterosalpingography |
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|
5 |
Computed Tomography (CT) (Including pathological indications and contraindications for each procedure) |
è |
5.1 |
Basic Principles |
Computed tomography for technologists: A comprehensive text. |
|
|
5.2 |
Data Acquisition |
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|
5.3 |
Image Reconstruction |
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5.4 |
Image Display |
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5.5 |
Method of Data Acquisition |
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5.6 |
Image Quality |
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5.7 |
Quality Assurance |
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|
5.8 |
Contrast Agents |
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|
5.9 |
Injection Techniques |
|||||
|
5.10 |
Radiation Dosimetry |
|||||
|
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|
|
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|
6 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Including pathological indications and contraindications for each procedure) |
è |
6.1 |
Basic principles |
MRI in practice (5th ed) |
|
|
6.2 |
Image weighting and contrast |
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|
6.3 |
Spin-echo pulse sequences |
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|
6.4 |
Gradient-echo pulse sequences |
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|
6.5 |
Protocol optimization |
|||||
|
6.6 |
Artifacts |
|||||
|
6.7 |
MRI Safety |
|||||
|
6.8 |
Contrast Agents in MRI |
MRI in practice (4th ed) |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Ultrasonography (Including pathological indications and contraindications for each procedure) |
è |
7.1 |
Principles of sonography |
Clarks’ essential guide to clinical ultrasound |
|
|
7.2 |
The upper abdominal organs |
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|
7.3 |
The renal tract |
|||||
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
8 |
Digital networking and archival system |
è |
8.1 |
Introduction to Digital Radiography and PACS |
Digital radiography and PACS |
|
|
8.2 |
PACS Archiving |
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|
8.3 |
Image Digitizing |
|||||
|
|
|
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|
|
9 |
Mammography |
è |
9.1 |
Breast Cancer |
Bontrager’s textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy |
|
|
9.2 |
Mammography Quality Standards Act |
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|
9.3 |
Anatomy of the Breast |
|||||
|
9.4 |
Breast Classifications |
|||||
|
9.5 |
Positioning and Technical Considerations |
|||||
|
9.6 |
Digital Mammography |
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|
9.7 |
Alternative Modalities and Procedures |
|||||
|
9.8 |
Pathologic Indications |
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
10 |
Bone mineral densitometry |
è |
10.1 |
Accuracy |
Bontrager’s textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy |
|
|
10.2 |
Precision |
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|
10.3 |
Lumbar Spine DXA |
|||||
|
10.4 |
Proximal Femur DXA |
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|
10..5 |
Forearm DXA |
|||||
|
10.6 |
Overview of Osteoporosis |
|||||
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|
|
11 |
Nuclear Medicine |
è |
11.1 |
Gamma Camera (From Ch. 3: Instrumentations) |
Nuclear medicine and PET/CT: Technology and techniques |
|
|
11.2 |
Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacology |
|||||
|
11.3 |
Principles of SPECT and SPECT/CT |
|||||
|
11.4 |
SPECT and SPECT/CT Instrumentation |
|||||
|
11.5 |
PET Instrumentation |
|||||
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
12 |
Dental Imaging (Dental Radiography) |
è |
12.1 |
§ Dentition § Dental X-Ray Machines, § Dental X-Ray Receptor Holders § Beam Alignment Devices, § Radiation Protection § Principles for optimal image geometry |
Clark’s positioning in radiography |
|
|
12.2 |
§ Periapical, § Bitewing, § Occlusal, § Panoramic, Cephalometry |
|||||
|
12.3 |
§ CBCT |
Essentials of dental radiography and radiology |
|
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|
|
13 |
Radiotherapy |
è |
13.1 |
Cancer: An Overview |
Principles and practice of radiation therapy |
|
|
13.2 |
Detection and Diagnosis |
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|
13.3 |
Medical Imaging |
|||||
|
13.4 |
Treatment Delivery Equipment |
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13.5 |
Treatment Procedures |
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13.6 |
Computed Tomography Simulation Procedures |
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|
14 |
Interventional Radiologic (various modalities) (Including pathological indications and contraindications for each procedure) |
è |
14.1 |
Angiography and Interventional Procedures |
Bontrager’s textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Section 4: Pharmaceuticals
|
15 |
Pharmacology |
è |
15.1 |
Medication Information |
Patient care in radiography with introduction to medical imaging |
|
15.2 |
Medication Administration |
Section 5: Imaging Procedures
Recommended Reference: Bontrager’s textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy
1. AP oblique/PA oblique to describe the projections
2. RPO/LPO and RAO/LAO to describe the position of the patient
|
|
Structure |
Projection / Position |
|
|
Skeletal system |
|
|
1 |
Finger |
Posteroanterior (PA) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
2 |
Thumb |
Posteroanterior (PA) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
3 |
Hand |
Posteroanterior (PA) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
Lateral, extension |
||
|
Lateral, fan |
||
|
4 |
Wrist |
Posteroanterior (PA) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
5 |
Scaphoid |
Posteroanterior (PA) with ulnar deviation |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) axial |
||
|
Posterior Oblique |
||
|
6 |
Forearm |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
7 |
Elbow |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique (medial rotation) |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique (lateral rotation) |
||
|
Lateral (routine) |
||
|
Laterals (radial head) |
||
|
Partial flexion |
||
|
8 |
Humerus |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
Transthoracic lateral |
||
|
9 |
Shoulder |
Anteroposterior (AP) arm neutral rotation |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) arm external rotation |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) arm internal rotation |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique (glenoid) |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique scapular Y |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique scapular Y |
||
|
10 |
Clavicle |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) axial |
||
|
11 |
Acromio-clavicular joints |
Anteroposterior (AP) with and without weights |
|
12 |
Scapula |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
13 |
Toes |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
14 |
Foot |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique (medial rotation) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) axial weight bearing |
||
|
Lateral weight bearing |
||
|
15 |
Ankle |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique 15 – 20 degree medial rotation |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique 45 degree medial rotation |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
16 |
Calcaneus |
Plantodorsal axial |
|
Lateral |
||
|
17 |
Tibia and fibula |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
18 |
Knee |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique medial rotation |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique lateral rotation |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) weight bearing |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) axial (intercondyloid fossa) |
||
|
19 |
Patella |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
Tangential |
||
|
20 |
Femur |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
21 |
Hip |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) (frog legs) |
||
|
Lateral (Lauenstein) |
||
|
Axiolateral (cross table) |
||
|
22 |
Pelvis |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) axial (inlet and outlet) |
||
|
Acetabulum anteroposterior (AP) obliques (Judet) |
||
|
23 |
Cervical vertebrae |
Anteroposterior (AP) C1-C2 open mouth |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) axial |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) axial obliques - LAO / RAO |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) axial obliques - LPO / RPO |
||
|
Lateral hyperflexion |
||
|
Lateral hyperextension |
||
|
Lateral cervicothoracic (Swimmers) |
||
|
24 |
Thoracic vertebrae |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
25 |
Lumbar vertebrae |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) obliques - LAO / RAO |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) obliques - LPO / RPO |
||
|
Lateral L5-S1 |
||
|
26 |
Sacroiliac joints |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) obliques - LPO / RPO |
||
|
27 |
Sacrum |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial |
|
Lateral |
||
|
28 |
Coccyx |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial |
|
Lateral |
||
|
29 |
Scoliosis series |
Posteroanterior (PA) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
30 |
Sternum |
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique - RAO |
|
Lateral |
||
|
31 |
Ribs |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) obliques |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) obliques |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) lower ribs |
||
|
32 |
Sternoclavicular joints |
Posteroanterior (PA) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) obliques |
||
|
33 |
Skull |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial (Towne) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) axial (Caldwell) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
34 |
Sinuses |
Parietoacanthial (Waters) |
|
PA axial (Caldwell) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
Submentovertical (SMV) |
||
|
35 |
Facial bones |
Posteroanterior (PA) axial (Caldwell) |
|
Parietoacanthial (Waters) |
||
|
Acanthioparietral (Reverse Waters) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
36 |
Orbits |
Posteroanterior (PA) axial |
|
Parietoacanthial (modified Waters) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
37 |
Orbits (foreign body) |
Parietoacanthial (modified Waters) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
38 |
Nasal bones |
Parietoacanthial (Waters) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
39 |
Zygomatic arches |
Parietoacanthial (Waters) |
|
Tangential |
||
|
Submentovertical (SMV) |
||
|
40 |
Mandible |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial (modified Towne) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) axial |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) |
||
|
Axiolateral |
||
|
Axiolateral obliques |
||
|
41 |
Temporo-mandibular joints |
Anteroposterior (AP) axial (modified Towne) |
|
Axiolateral (open and closed mouth) |
||
|
|
Digestive System |
|
|
42 |
Abdomen |
Anteroposterior (AP) supine |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) erect |
||
|
Left lateral decubitus |
||
|
43 |
Esophagus |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
44 |
Stomach |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
45 |
Small bowel |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
46 |
Large bowel |
Anteroposterior (AP) (supine / erect) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique |
||
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
47 |
ERCP / biliary tree |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) oblique |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) oblique |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
|
Respiratory System |
|
|
48 |
Soft tissue neck |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Lateral |
||
|
49 |
Chest |
Anteroposterior (AP) (supine / semi-erect / erect) |
|
Posteroanterior (PA) |
||
|
Lateral |
||
|
Anteroposterior (AP) (lordotic) |
||
|
Lateral decubitus |
||
|
|
Urinary System |
|
|
50 |
Kidney, ureters and bladder (KUB) |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
|
Reproductive System |
|
|
51 |
Hystero-salpingography |
Anteroposterior (AP) |
|
Anteroposterior (AP) obliques |
||
|
52 |
Mammography |
Craniocaudal (CC) Projection |
|
Mediolateral Oblique (MLO) Projection |
||
|
Mediolateral (ML) Projection |
||
|
Exaggerated Craniocaudal (Laterally) (XCCL) Projection |
||
|
Implant Displaced (ID) (Eklund Method) |
||
|
|
Computed Tomography (routine procedures for...) |
|
|
53 |
|
Brain enhanced and unenhanced |
|
Abdomen enhanced and unenhanced |
||
|
Abdomen for digestive system |
||
|
Abdomen for urinary system |
||
|
Chest enhanced and unenhanced |
||
|
HRCT |
||
|
Extremities |
||
|
Head enhanced and unenhanced |
||
|
Neck enhanced and unenhanced |
||
|
Pelvis enhanced and unenhanced |
||
|
Spine |
||
|
|
Bone Mineral Densitometry |
|
|
54 |
|
Lumbar spine |
|
Proximal femur |
||
|
Forearm |
||
|
|
|
|
Suggested (Recommended) References
§ Bontrager, K. L., & Lampignano, J. P. (2014). Bontrager’s textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy (8th ed.). Mosby.
§ Bushong, S. C., & Boone, J. M. (2017). Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection (11th ed.). Elsevier.
§ Carter, C. E. (2014). Digital radiography and PACS (4th ed.). Mosby.
§ Ehrlich, R. A., & Coakes, D. M. (2021). Patient care in radiography with introduction to medical imaging (10th ed.). Elsevier.
§ Fosbinder, R. (2011). Essentials of radiologic science. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
§ Jefferson, G., & Breen, M. (Eds.). (2023). Clarks’ essential guide to clinical ultrasound (1st ed.). CRC Press.
§ Kowalczyk, N. (2014). Radiologic pathology for technologists (6th ed.). Elsevier Mosby.
§ Romans, L. E. (2011). Computed tomography for technologists: A comprehensive text. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
§ Washington, C. M., & Leaver, D. T. (2016). Principles and practice of radiation therapy. Mosby.
§ Waterstram-Rich, K., & Gilmore, D. (Eds.). (2016). Nuclear medicine and PET/CT: Technology and techniques. Mosby.
§ Westbrook, C., Roth, C. K., & Talbot, J. (2011). MRI in practice (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
§ Westbrook, C., Roth, C. K., & Talbot, J. (2018). MRI in practice (5th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
§ Whaites, E., & Drage, N. (2021). Essentials of dental radiography and radiology (6th ed.). Elsevier.
§ Whitley, A. S., Jefferson, G., Holmes, K., Sloane, C., Anderson, C., & Hoadley, G. (Eds.). (2015). Clark’s positioning in radiography (13th ed.). CRC Press.
NOTE: This list just meant to be used as a study aid only. The exam questions are not necessarily taken from these sources, nor does PAMRT intend for the list to suggest support of these particular references.
